我们都知道死锁,然而还存在一种锁叫做活锁。死锁是一直死等,活锁他不死等,它会一直执行,但是线程就是不能继续,因为它不断重试相同的操作。换句话说,就是信息处理线程并没有发生阻塞,但是永远都不会前进了。
活锁同样会发生在多个相互协作的线程间,当他们为了彼此间的响应而相互礼让,使得没有一个线程能够继续前进,那么就发生了活锁。
好比两个过于礼貌的人在半路相遇,出于礼貌他们相互礼让,避开对方的路,但是在另一条路上又相遇了。就这样,不停地一直避让下去。。。。
活锁典型的例子实在一些重试机制中,比如以太网络上,两个基站尝试使用相同的载波发送数据包,包会发生冲突。发生冲突后,稍后都会重发。如果这时他们都是在 1s 后重发,那么他们又会再次发生冲突,一直循环下去,导致数据包永远不能发送。为了解决这个问题,我们可以对重试机制引入一些随机性,不指定 1s 重发,而是重发的时间内是随机的。通过随机的等待再发送能够相当有效的避免活锁的发生。
下面看一个活锁例子:
/************************
* 活锁例子
* 创建一个勺子类,有且只有一个。
* 丈夫和妻子用餐时,需要使用勺子,这时只能有一人持有,也就是说同一时刻只有一个人能够进餐。
* 但是丈夫和妻子互相谦让,都想让对方先吃,所以勺子一直传递来传递去,谁都没法用餐。
* */
public class LiveLockTest {
//定义一个勺子,ower 表示这个勺子的拥有者
static class Spoon {
Diner owner;//勺子的拥有者
//获取拥有者
public String getOwnerName() {
return owner.getName();
}
//设置拥有者
public void setOwner(Diner diner) {
this.owner = diner;
}
public Spoon(Diner diner) {
this.owner = diner;
}
//表示正在用餐
public void use() {
System.out.println(owner.getName() + " use this spoon and finish eat.");
}
}
//定义一个晚餐类
static class Diner {
public Diner(boolean isHungry, String name) {
this.isHungry = isHungry;
this.name = name;
}
private boolean isHungry;//是否饿了
private String name;//定义当前用餐者的名字
public String getName() {//获取当前用餐者
return name;
}
//可以理解为和某人吃饭
public void eatWith(Diner spouse, Spoon sharedSpoon) {
try {
synchronized (sharedSpoon) {
while (isHungry) {
//当前用餐者和勺子拥有者不是同一个人,则进行等待
while (!sharedSpoon.getOwnerName().equals(name)) {
sharedSpoon.wait();
//System.out.println("sharedSpoon belongs to" + sharedSpoon.getOwnerName())
}
//spouse此时是饿了,把勺子分给他,并通知他可以用餐
if (spouse.isHungry) {
System.out.println("I am " + name + ", and my " + spouse.getName() + " is hungry, I should give it to him(her).\n");
sharedSpoon.setOwner(spouse);
sharedSpoon.notifyAll();
} else {
//用餐
sharedSpoon.use();
sharedSpoon.setOwner(spouse);
isHungry = false;
}
Thread.sleep(500);
}
}
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
System.out.println(name + " is interrupted.");
}
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
final Diner husband = new Diner(true, "husband");//创建一个丈夫用餐类
final Diner wife = new Diner(true, "wife");//创建一个妻子用餐类
final Spoon sharedSpoon = new Spoon(wife);//创建一个勺子,初始状态并由妻子持有
//创建一个 线程,由丈夫进行用餐
Thread h = new Thread() {
@Override
public void run() {
//表示和妻子用餐,这个过程判断妻子是否饿了,如果是,则会把勺子分给妻子,并通知她
husband.eatWith(wife, sharedSpoon);
}
};
h.start();
//创建一个 线程,由妻子进行用餐
Thread w = new Thread() {
@Override
public void run() {
//表示和妻子用餐,这个过程判断丈夫是否饿了,如果是,则会把勺子分给丈夫,并通知他
wife.eatWith(husband, sharedSpoon);
}
};
w.start();
try {
Thread.sleep(10000);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
h.interrupt();
w.interrupt();
try {
h.join();//join()方法阻塞调用此方法的线程(calling thread),直到线程t完成,此线程再继续;通常用于在main()主线程内,等待其它线程完成再结束main()主线程。
w.join();
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
输出结果:
I am wife, and my husband is hungry, I should give it to him(her).
I am husband, and my wife is hungry, I should give it to him(her).
I am wife, and my husband is hungry, I should give it to him(her).
I am husband, and my wife is hungry, I should give it to him(her).
I am wife, and my husband is hungry, I should give it to him(her).
I am husband, and my wife is hungry, I should give it to him(her).
I am wife, and my husband is hungry, I should give it to him(her).
I am husband, and my wife is hungry, I should give it to him(her).
I am wife, and my husband is hungry, I should give it to him(her).
I am husband, and my wife is hungry, I should give it to him(her).
I am wife, and my husband is hungry, I should give it to him(her).
I am husband, and my wife is hungry, I should give it to him(her).
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